Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars

Efficiency and Complexity in Grammars
Oxford University Press, USA | 2004-12-17 | ISBN 0199252688 | Pages: 322 | PDF | 1.7 MB

This book addresses a question fundamental to any discussion of grammatical theory and grammatical variation: to what extent can principles of grammar be explained through language use? John A. Hawkins argues that there is a profound correspondence between performance data and the fixed conventions of grammars. Preferences and patterns found in the one, he shows, are reflected in constraints and variation patterns in the other. The theoretical consequences of the proposed 'performance-grammar correspondence hypothesis' are far-reaching -- for current grammatical formalisms, for the innateness hypothesis, and for psycholinguistic models of performance and learning. Drawing on empirical generalizations and insights from language typology, generative grammar, psycholinguistics, and historical linguistics, Professor Hawkins demonstrates that the assumption that grammars are immune to performance is false. He presents detailed empirical case studies and arguments for an alternative theory in which performance has shaped the conventions of grammars and thus the variation patterns found in the world's languages. The innateness of language, he argues, resides primarily in the mechanisms human beings have for processing and learning it. This important book will interest researchers in linguistics (including typology and universals, syntax, grammatical theory, historical linguistics, functional linguistics, and corpus linguistics), psycholinguistics (including parsing, production, and acquisition), computational linguistics (including language-evolution modelling and electronic corpus development); and cognitive science (including the modeling of the performance-competence relationship, pragmatics, and relevance theory).

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The Grammar of English Grammars

Gould Brown "The Grammar of English Grammars"
Project Gutenberg (March 17, 2004) | ISBN N/A | 1446 Pages | PDF | 3.7 Mb
Chapter I.
Of the Science of Grammar
Chapter II.
Of Grammatical Authorship
Chapter III.
Of Grammatical Success and Fame
Chapter IV.
Of the Origin of Language
Chapter V.
Of the Power of Language
Chapter VI.
Of the Origin and History of the English Language
Chapter I. 6
Chapter VII.
Changes and Specimens of the English Language
Chapter VIII.
Of the Grammatical Study of the English Language
Chapter IX.
Of the Best Method of Teaching Grammar
Chapter X.
Of Grammatical Definitions
Chapter XI.
Brief Notices of the Schemes of certain Grammars

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Grammar Practice for Pre-Intermediate Students (GRPR)

Elaine Walker, Steve Elsworth "Grammar Practice for Pre-Intermediate Students (GRPR)"
Longman (May 15, 2000) | ISBN 0582417104 | 176 Pages | PDF | 840 Kb

*Step-by-step grammar explanations with clear examples
*A wealth of varied practice exercises with write-in space on the page
*Tests to monitor students' progress
*Illustrated with lively cartoons to increase students' understanding *An index and a comprehensive contents list for easy reference
*For self-study, homework or use in class.

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Download Rapidshare Book Cambridge Grammar for First Certificate

Author: Louise Hashemi, Barbara Thomas
Published by: Cambridge University Press
File size: 53 Mb
File type: mp3PRO 80 KBs

Intermediate to Upper-intermediate
This book provides complete coverage of the grammar needed for the Cambridge FCE exam, and develops listening skills at the same time. It includes the full range of FCE exam tasks from the Reading, Writing, Listening, and Use of English papers, and contains helpful grammar explanations and a grammar glossary.

Contents
1. Present tenses: Present simple, present continuous, state verbs;
2. Past tenses: Past simple, past continuous, used to (and to be used to), would;
3. Present perfect simple and past simple: Present perfect and past simple, present perfect simple and continuous;
4. Past perfect: Past perfect simple and continuous;
5. Future 1: Present tenses, will, future continuous;
6. Future 2: Going to, future in the past, present after time adverbs, future perfect, to be about to;
7. Adjectives: Comparative and superlative adjectives, position, order, adjectives ending in -ing and -ed;
8. Adverbs: Formation, adverbs and adjectives easily confused, comparative and superlative adverbs, modifiers, position;
9. Questions: Yes / no questions, short answers, question words, question tags, agreeing;
10. Countable and uncountable nouns, articles: Countable and uncountable nouns, a, the and no article, special uses articles;
11. Pronouns and determiners: Possessives, reflexive pronouns, each other etc, there and it, someone etc, all, most and some, each and every, both, neither etc;
12. Modals 1: Use of modals, obligation, necessity;
13. Modals 2: Permission, requests, offers, suggestions, orders, advice;
14. Modals 3: Ability, deduction: certainty, probability and possibility;
15. Passive: Passive, to have something done;
16. Reported speech: Reporting about the past, reporting about the present, verbs used for reporting, questions;
17. Verbs followed by to-infinitive or -ing: Verb + to-infinitive, verb + infinitive without to, verb + -ing, verb + object + to-infinitive, verb + that, adjectives;
18. Phrasal verbs: Meaning and form, verb + preposition, verb + adverb, verb + preposition + adverb;
19. Conditionals 1: Zero, first, second and third conditionals, mixed conditionals;
20. Conditionals 2: Unless, in case, as / so long as, provided that, I wish / if only, it’s time, I’d rather, otherwise / or else; 21. Prepositions 1: Prepositions of place and time;
22. Prepositions 2: Prepositions which follow verbs and adjectives, prepositions to express who, how and why, expressions with prepositions;
23. Relative clauses: Defining and non-defining relative clauses, relative pronouns and prepositions;
24. Linking words 1: Because, as and since, so and therefore, in order to, to + infinitive and so (that), so and such, enough and too;
25. Linking words 2: In spite of and despite, but, although and though, even though and even if, participle clauses, before and after + -ing, when, while and since + -ing.

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pass : englishtips.org