Primer on spontaneous heating and pyrophoricity

TABEL OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
PRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION
Combustion
The Fire Triangle
Oxidizing Agents
Fuel
Heat Source
Spontaneous Combustion
Spontaneous Heating
Pyrophoricity
Hypergolic Reactions
SPONTANEOUS HEATING/IGNITION OF HYDROCARBONS AND ORGANICS
Spontaneous Heating/Ignition of Hydrocarbons
Spontaneous Heating/Ignition of Organic Materials
Spontaneous Oxidation and Heating of Coal
Coal Storage
PYROPHORIC GASES AND LIQUIDS
Pyrophoric Gases
Arsine
Diborane
Phosphine
Silane
Extinguishing Pyrophoric Gas Fires
Pyrophoric Gas Storage and Dispensing Areas
Pyrophoric Liquids
Hydrazine
PYROPHORIC NONMETALLIC SOLIDS
Phosphorus
PYROPHORIC METALS
Magnesium
Properties
Storage and Handling
Process Hazards
Extinguishing Magnesium Fires
Titanium Properties
Storage and Handling
Process Hazards
Extinguishing Titanium Fires
Alkali Metals Sodium, Potassium, NaK, and Lithium
Properties
Process Hazards
Extinguishing Fires in Sodium, Lithium, NaK, and Potassium
Zirconium and Hafnium
Properties
Storage and Handling
Process Hazards
Extinguishing Fires in Zirconium and Hafnium
Calcium and Zinc
Properties
Storage, Processing, and Extinguishing Fires in Calcium and Zinc
Metals Not Normally Combustible
Aluminum
Iron and Steel
Plutonium
Properties
Storage and Handling
Extinguishing Plutonium Fires
Uranium
Properties
Storage and Handling
Extinguishing Uranium Fires
Combustible Metal Agents and Application Techniques
Approved Combustible Metal Fire Extinguishing Agents
Other Combustible Metal Extinguishing Agents
Nonproprietary Combustible Metal Extinguishing Agents
Water
ACCIDENT CASE STUDIES
Silane Gas Cabinet Fire
Recent Coal Fire at a DOE Site
Zirconium Incidents (Smith, 1956)
Uranium Incidents (Smith, 1956)
Thorium Incidents (Smith, 1956)
Miscellaneous Incidents (Smith, 1956)
Rocky Flats Plant Fire, 1969
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Appendix A—Materials Subject to Spontaneous Heating
Appendix B—Oxidizing Agents by NFPA Classification
CONCLUDING MATERIAL

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